Among the novel obesity loci, at least four are located near genes of high biological relevance. In particular, rs7503807 for overweight, is located within the regulatory associated protein of the MTOR, complex 1 gene (RPTOR), which regulates cell growth in response to nutrient and insulin levels,34 and within 500 kb of the BAI1-associated protein 2 (BAIAP2), which encodes a brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor (BAI1)-binding protein that regulates insulin uptake in the central nervous system. The overweight and obesity class I SNP rs4735692 is located downstream of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-gamma gene (HNF4G). Mutations in HNF4A, a closely related gene that forms a heterodimer with HNF4G to activate gene transcription,35 cause maturity onset diabetes of the young type 1,36 and a common variant near HNF4A was found to be associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in east Asians.37 The obesity class I SNP rs2531995 is located within adenylate cyclase 9 (ADCY9), which catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP from ATP. This SNP was found to be associated with ADCY9 expression in several tissue types (Supplementary Table 8). Loci near other adenylate
