For all cohorts, the initial GWAS analyses were conducted within genetic ancestral groups. Genetic ancestral groups were determined for BioVU,81 MGBB and PMBB based on principal component analysis (PCA)84 and comparison to known ancestries in the 1000 Genomes Project Phase 377 reference panel. In MVP, genetic ancestral groups were determined by harmonizing genetic ancestry and self-identified ancestry (HARE),78 which also defines genetic ancestry based on the 1000 Genomes reference panel. Further details on genotyping, phasing, and imputation83 for each site are included in the Supplementary Material. GWAS analyses were performed within each ancestral group using SAIGE version 0.44.6.579 or PLINK 2.080,82 and a logistic regression. For the BioVU (7,167 cases and 39,738 controls), MGBB (6,708 cases and 15,560 controls), and UKBB (10,287 cases and 234,603 controls) cohorts, there were GWAS for only the European ancestral group. In PMBB, in addition to the European sample (3,088 cases and 25,911 controls) we conducted an additional GWAS of the African ancestral group sample (1,722 cases and 8,366 controls). In MVP, in addition to the European sample (146,771 cases and 250,062 controls), we performed
