This study also may be limited by our definitions of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Many studies have included the milder disorders of drug abuse, conduct disorder and adult antisocial behavior in the externalizing spectrum (Krueger et al., 2005); others (Farmer et al., 2009) have included attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Moreover, some studies have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the internalizing spectrum but have excluded bipolar disorders (Kramer et al., 2008; Slade, 2007). To determine the impact of our definitions, we examined the effect of alternative definitions on the associations of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology with lifetime alcohol dependence. Because the NESARC did not measure PTSD and ADHD until the 2004–2005 Wave 2 follow up interview, we conducted the reanalysis with the Wave 2 sample (n=34,653 representing 86.7% of Wave 1 respondents eligible for reinterview, see Grant et al., 2007). After first verifying that the original definitions produced equivalent results in the Wave 2 sample, we added drug abuse, conduct disorder, adult antisocial behavior not preceded by conduct disorder (Goldstein et al., 2007) and ADHD into the externalizing dimension. We added PTSD
