Previously described risk factors for AD (Prescott and Kendler, 1999) and general psychopathology were measured. These included a family history of alcohol use disorders, marriage to a spouse with an alcohol use disorder, a vulnerable family environment (operationalized as parental absence/separation from a biological parent before age 18), parental loss before age 18, and a family history of depression. In addition to risk factors, we included measures such as use of alcohol or drugs to relieve mood or anxiety symptoms, and self-reported medical conditions (liver disease/cirrhosis, hypertension/ angina, and ulcers) that were the subject of previous research on gender differences in AD (Tuyns and Pequignot, 1984).
