To be consistent with other reports (Kessler et al., 2005), we divided treatment-utilization into professional treatment and non-professional treatment (treatment provided by human service professionals) among individuals who sought treatment. Professional treatment included the following: (i) outpatient visits to a physician, psychologist, or any other professional; (ii) inpatient treatment in a drug detoxification or rehabilitation unit, or hospital ward; and (iii) treatment in an emergency department. Human service professionals included members of the clergy, employee assistance programs, family and social services, halfway houses, therapeutic communities, crisis centers, and self-help groups.
