We then examined, for each scale, all genes with P<0.01 in the gene-based test to see whether they were concentrated in known biological or canonical pathways, using the Ingenuity Pathway analysis program (Ingenuity Systems, release IPA 6.0). The number of genes included in this analysis is HA: 193 genes, NS: 198 genes, RD: 225 genes, P: 135 genes. Results from the pathway analyses were not significant after correction for multiple testing, indicating that our top genes were not over-represented in known biological or canonical pathways more than one would expect by chance.