The pathways that differed between cells from alcoholics and controls included phospholipase C Signaling, G beta gamma signaling, RAN signaling, signaling by Rho family GTPases, androgen signaling, hypoxia signaling in the cardiovascular system, RhoGDI signaling, netrin signaling, tec kinase signaling, paxillin signaling, telomerase signaling, and ephrin B signaling (Table 2). RAC1, GNG2, GNA11 and RHOT2, with decreased expression in alcoholics, were common to several pathways. GNA13, SOS2, PRKCE and RHOQ, with increased expression, were also common to multiple pathways. The upstream regulator analysis of the phenotype differences (Supplementary Table 4) shows increased signaling due to retinoic acid, vitamin D, TP53 and APP. The growth factors IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), along with transcription factors MYC and MAX, are less active in the alcoholics.
