The large variability in results from these studies is possibly caused by differences in the analyses, the type of comparison and by performance differences between the groups, in addition to other variables. Nevertheless, a pattern emerges in which the dACC is hypoactive during these inhibitory control tasks, and this hypoactivity is mostly associated with impaired performance, particularly with shorter abstinence durations. Targeted cognitive–behavioural interventions may alleviate this dysfunction. For example, informative cueing (such as providing a warning of an impending no-go trial) enhanced inhibitory control in a go/no-go task, and this was correlated with enhanced ACC activation in methamphetamine-addicted individuals115. Such cognitive–behavioural interventions could be used as neural rehabilitation exercises and combined with the simultaneous administration of drugs, as discussed below.
