abuse, currently in full remission. In addition, one ALC participant each showed past dependence on cocaine, amphetamines, or opioids, but all were currently in full remission. Thus, while the ALC participants were “clean” alcohol dependent individuals, the PSU participants were all dependent on alcohol and 84% on cocaine; only about 11% in both groups had a current or past cannabis use disorder diagnosis. Other non-substance-related inclusion and exclusion criteria were described previously (Durazzo et al., 2004). All ALC and PSU participants were tested daily with breathalyzers for alcohol consumption and randomly for substance use during outpatient treatment to ensure sobriety during the one-month-abstinence period. Twenty-seven non-substance-using LD, without histories of medical or psychiatric conditions known or suspected to influence brain structural outcome measures were recruited from the local community. Twenty-one of the LD individuals (77%) were never-smokers, and the proportion of non-smokers in the LD group was not significantly different from that in ALC or PSU (p ≥ 0.07) (see Table 1).
