Among substance use disorders, 50.8% of males with bipolar disorder had a co-diagnosis of drug abuse and 28.5% had alcohol abuse. On the contrary, females had lower odds of these substance-use disorders than males. The most common psychiatric illness associated with bipolar disorder was anxiety disorder (24.1%) followed by personality disorder (17.5%) and PTSD (9.7%). Females had twice the odds of comorbid PTSD (OR = 2.253) followed by personality disorder and anxiety disorder (OR = 1.692 and OR = 1.663; respectively). Although eating disorders were seen in very low proportions of bipolar patients (0.1% males and 0.6% females), females had about 11 times higher odds of this comorbidity compared to men (OR = 11.673). The association of comorbidities in females is shown in Table 2.
