These results support and extend previous analyses demonstrating differences between AE and ADHD on neuropsychological variables (e.g., Vaurio et al., 2008, Crocker et al., 2009, Greenbaum et al., 2009, Crocker et al., 2011, Jacobson et al., 2011a, Kooistra et al., 2011). Specifically, in the third analysis comparing AE and ADHD, the variables with the largest effect sizes were measures of executive function, spatial working memory, and delayed matching to sample, which further substantiates previously documented group differences in executive function (Vaurio et al., 2008). However, there were some measures that proved to be less valuable in distinguishing the groups, namely CANTAB Intra-Extra Dimensional Shift, CANTAB Simple Reaction time, and D-KEFS Verbal Fluency Switching. Additional study is needed to more precisely define a neurobehavioral profile that distinguishes AE and ADHD. This is especially important given that 50–80% of individuals with AE are estimated to also have ADHD (Fryer et al., 2007, Streissguth et al., 1999, Streissguth et al., 2004, Bhatara et al., 2006, Jacobson et al., 2011b).
