AD, flushing response, and maximum drinks all show multiple significant associations in males in the region of chromosome 12 containing aldehyde dehydrogenase gene, ALDH2. At genome-wide significance threshold α = 5×10-8, two SNPs were associated with AD with minimum p = 4.73×10-8, eight SNPs are associated with maximum drinks with minimum p = 1.54×10-16, and 12 SNPs are associated with flushing response with minimum p = 4.75×10-26. In all cases, the strongest association in the region was for rs671, a SNP causing a glutamate to lysine substitution in ALDH2. Figure 1 shows Manhattan plots of the association results for each of the phenotypes. There is evidence of slight over-dispersion in the chi-square statistics for each phenotype (λ = 1.03-1.04, see Supplemental Figure 2 for q-q plots) and Table 2 lists both the raw p-values and those adjusted for genomic inflation by multiplying the raw value by λ. Results for the top 1000 associations for each trait can be found in Supplemental Table 1. With the inclusion of the rs671 genotype as a covariate, there were no significant associations with any
