Crisis situations can evoke vast psychological consequences and lead to reduced well-being (Heymann et al., 2015; Wahlbeck & McDaid, 2012). However as shown in the resilience framework, people are remarkably resilient psychologically and they can cope with even extreme stressors, such as war or natural and man-made disasters (Bonanno, 2004; Bonanno et al., 2015; Chen & Bonanno, 2020). During a crisis social cooperation and solidarity typically increase and help people overcome the situation (Hawdon & Ryan, 2011; Norris et al., 2008). However there are also social and individual differences in resilience and coping with crisis situations (Bonanno, 2004; Waugh et al., 2008). Any societal crisis is often easier for those in better socioeconomic positions (Bonanno et al., 2007; McLeod & Kessler, 1990). Coping is also easier for those with available social support (Cohen & Wills, 1985; Dalgard et al., 1995). Other relevant factors include family background, psychiatric history, and personality (Bonanno, 2004). Of the personality traits, neuroticism is found to correlate negatively with resilience (Oshio et al., 2018).
