cells. The overdose of this cytokine leads to an increase in the production and release (or mobilization) of hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood. In a process called aphaeresis, the CD34 positive stem cells can be separated from blood in a four-hour process while the cell donor is connected to a machine via flexible tubes with its blood flowing through [54]. The following day, the procedure often has to be repeated to isolate the residual stem cells. There are some adverse effects related to the use of G-CSF like bone pain, headache, fatigue, or nausea which makes the whole procedure even more uncomfortable for the patient [55]. The highly time-consuming and expensive aphaeresis shows another disadvantage of using blood cells as an appropriate somatic cell source. Additionally, the mobilization of the peripheral blood cells can only be done with healthy people because of the external administration of the cytokine. This is another severe drawback. Nevertheless, the isolated hematopoietic stem cells from peripheral blood can be further cultivated and reprogrammed to iPSCs which show the same characteristics as other iPSC lines or embryonic stem cells [15].
