We also utilized data from an independent sample for replication. The Comorbidity and Trauma Study (CATS)30–34 recruited heroin dependent cases from opioid replacement therapy (ORT) clinics in the greater Sydney region in New South Wales, Australia. Inclusion criteria were age 18 years or over, an adequate understanding of English, and current or past participation in ORT for heroin dependence. Participants reporting recent suicidal intent or known to be currently experiencing psychosis were excluded. Neighborhood controls were recruited from geographic areas in proximity to ORT clinics. The use of opioids recreationally more than ten times lifetime was an exclusion criterion for controls; the inclusion and exclusion criteria, except for ORT participation, were otherwise identical to cases. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Genotyping was conducted using Illumina Golden Gate technology, however, the array was custom designed for this proposal. For the current analyses, phenotypic and genetic data were drawn for replication from 1428 cases and 506 neighborhood controls. Principal components (PCs) created in SmartPCA35 from all SNPs were used to control for ethnic admixture. For each outcome (anhedonia, depression,
