When discussing predictive testing, it is important to consider the issue of stigmatization, especially in young people. We are not developing algorithms for clinical use in individuals below drinking age at this time. However, we would advocate consideration of algorithms for prediction of early-onset AUD when problematic drinking is identified in adolescents. The fact that the algorithm includes genetic information is no reason to consider it additionally problematic in terms of stigmatization because heritable disorders may be successfully treated. Concerns regarding genetic information should be addressed as aspects of public health education, directed at consumers, providers, and ultimately the general population (65). The larger issue at present is difficulties in interpretation of individual PRS values, especially in mixed ancestry populations.
