The GWAS for AUD (Fig. 1b, Table 2 and Supplementary Tables 1 and Supplementary Data 2) identified 10 independent loci in EAs, 2 in AAs, and 2 in LAs (Supplementary Figs. 6, 7). Meta-analysis across the five populations yielded 10 independent loci, including 3 previously associated with alcohol dependence25—ADH1B, ADH1C, and ADH4—and 7 loci not previously associated with an AUD diagnosis: GCKR, SIX3 (SIX Homeobox 3), SLC39A8, DRD2 (Dopamine Receptor D2: rs4936277 and rs61902812, which were independent), chr10q25.1 (rs7906104), and FTO. Five loci were significant in both the AUDIT-C and AUD GWASs (Supplementary Fig. 8): ADH1B, ADH1C, FTO, GCKR, and SLC39A8. The trans-population GWS findings for AUD are also driven largely by the findings in EAs.Table 2Genome-wide significant associations for AUD in the trans-population meta-analysisrsIDChr:posaA1/A2GenebEAFNZ-scoreP_EAP_AAP_LAP_EAAP_SAAEffectP_ metars12603262:27730940C/T GCKR c 0.651271,7637.331.44 × 10−160.6790.7780.8300.820+++−+2.27 × 10−13rs5406062:45138507A/G SIX3 d 0.409213,336−6.492.84 × 10−10NA0.1750.411NA−?−−?8.58 × 10−11rs58605634:100047157D/I ADH4 c 0.723271,487−6.097.63 × 10−59.85 × 10−70.035NA0.412−−−?+1.12 × 10−9rs12299844:100239319C/T ADH1B c 0.969273,90419.544.51 × 10−744.18 × 10−55.81 × 10−170.032NA++++?4.68 × 10−85rs16127354:100258007T/C ADH1C c 0.656271,471−8.861.75 × 10−146.42 × 10−50.0220.9380.054−−−++7.90 × 10−19rs131073254:103188709C/T SLC39A8 c 0.937271,7847.602.73 × 10−140.0640.363NANA+++??2.97 × 10−14rs790610410:110497101T/C0.272270,278−5.923.15 × 10−78.72 × 10−30.3570.1950.106−−−−−3.17
