Both IFs and IRRs can arise in primary research, biobank research, and secondary research. In our prior project, we defined an incidental finding as “a finding concerning an individual research participant [or here, an individual contributor] that has potential health or reproductive importance and is discovered in the course of conducting research but is beyond the aims of the study.”1(p219) In contrast, an individual research result is a finding concerning an individual contributor that has potential health or reproductive importance and is discovered in the course of research, when the finding is on the focal variables under study in meeting the stated aims of the research project.
