Males and females did not differ in the lifetime prevalence of either their mothers’ [χ2 (1) = .82, p > .05) or fathers’ (χ2 (1) = .34, p > .05] problematic substance use. However, the three racial/ethnic groups did differ as to problematic maternal substance use, [χ2 (2) = 20.23, p < .001], insofar as Caucasian adolescents reported a higher prevalence than either Hispanic/Latino [χ2 (1) = 18.37, p < .001] or African American adolescents [χ2 (1) = 7.52, p < .05]. Males and females also differed on parental monitoring and father closeness; females scored lower on parental monitoring, [t(921) = 7.23, p < .001], and higher on paternal closeness [t(922) = 2.33, p < .05]. The three racial/ethnic groups did not significantly differ on parental monitoring or closeness.
