gene–environment interaction (GxE) effects on resilience and risk for AUD and related disorders. Yet, it is unknown whether among high-risk offspring greater closeness with one’s parents, during adolescence, is associated with better neurocognitive functioning (indexed by P3 amplitude and FT) and fewer alcohol problems (e.g., binge drinking). Recent findings from a meta-analysis (Li et al., 2019) showed that parenting is associated with adolescents’ self-control both concurrently and longitudinally. Another study among healthy adolescents showed that higher levels of perceived parental warmth prospectively predicted lower risky decision making and larger P3 amplitude in response to positive/gain feedback during a risk-taking task (Euser et al., 2013). These studies bolster the evidence that parent–child relationship is a significant predictor of both behavioral and electrophysiological indices of risky decision making in healthy adolescents. However, a few questions remain unanswered: (1) Although endophenotypes like low P3 amplitude and low FT can potentially identify those at high risk for alcohol use well before initiation, there is scarce work examining protective factors that can potentially mitigate such risk and contribute to resilience. (2) Despite the established importance of positive parenting on offspring behavior and brain development, it is unknown how positive parenting is associated with endophenotypes like
