The present study includes secondary analysis of data from four ongoing studies with measures of AUDs: two population-based samples drawn from unselected regional birth cohorts and two clinically ascertained samples recruited from alcohol treatment programs and hospitals. Study procedures for collecting all samples were approved by the relevant institutional review boards, including the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee and the Local Research Ethics Committees, Ethics Committee of the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa and university IRBs from each study site. All participants provided informed consent. These studies have been described in detail elsewhere; a summary of each can be found below and in Table 1.
