Microarray printing and hybridization were performed at the NIH-Duke University microarray facility. miRNA samples from 13 controls and 14 alcoholics were labeled with the mirVana miRNA Labeling Kit (Ambion) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Expression profiling was performed using the miRNA-AI (Ambion mirVana set2 + Invitrogen NCode multispecies miRNA microarray V2), which contains probes targeting all of the known mature miRNAs in mirBase 9.0 for human, mouse, rat, Drosophila, C.elegans, and zebrafish. Images were analyzed using Axon GenePix 6.0.