Consistent with previous evidence of different levels of alcohol use and social support between males and females (Grant et al., 2015; Turner, 1994), we found that males reported lower levels of social support from family and friends and higher levels of alcohol use compared to females. However, despite these mean-level differences, we did not find any significant sex differences in the associations between alc-PRS, social support, and alcohol use among both EA and AA adults. This is consistent with prior findings suggesting that the effects of alc-PRS, social support, and their interactions on alcohol use are similar for males and females (Su et al., 2021). Nevertheless, future research is needed to further examine sex differences in G×E processes in genetically informed alcohol research (Salvatore et al., 2017). Additionally, although the present study is not powered to do so, future research is needed to examine G×E by sex by development effects on alcohol use and related outcomes, as sex differences in G×E effects may vary across development and vice versa.
