Testing all available SNPs (n = 131) in the PHF3-PTP4A1 region in AAs, we found 38 SNPs that were nominally associated (1.6×10−5≤p≤0.050) with alcohol dependence, among which, 28 survived region-wide correction for multiple testing (α = 0.01). Testing these 38 SNPs in EAs, we found 30 in one LD block (D′>0.9; Figure 1 ) that were well replicated in EAs (1.3×10−3≤p≤0.038), and 23 of them that survived region-wide correction (α = 0.01) ( Table 1 ). Testing all of these 30 SNPs in Australians, we found 18 SNPs that were replicable in this sample (1.8×10−3≤p≤0.048), and 9 of them that survived region-wide correction (α = 0.01) ( Table 1 ). Interestingly, 29 risk SNPs had same direction of gene effects on alcohol dependence between EAs and Australians, but had opposite directions of effects between EAs and AAs ( Table 1 ). Meta-analysis showed that these gene effects became less significant when combined AAs and EAs, but became a little more significant when combined EAs and Australians (data not shown). In spite of this, all risk alleles (OR>1; Table 1 )
