neurocircuitry context and the complex crosstalk between distinct neuronal subpopulations. For neuropsychiatric disorders, this is especially important since effects in one brain region can impact circuit-level functions in complex and poorly understood ways. While preservation of circuitry and anatomical arrangement is an advantage of animal models, the data obtained may not always directly apply to humans. Furthermore, given the limited translation of many candidate drugs through human clinical trials despite passing early research and development stages using animal models,1 there is clearly a need to develop better initial methods for identifying effective drug candidates. We propose that this would in part be achieved by the creation of novel in vitro human cell models that can extend mechanistic work at the single cell population level by incorporating biologically-relevant connectivity patterns.
