excluding two Australian cohorts.Cohorts are described in the Methods. UKB–EUR1: genetically defined EUR ancestry White-British by UKB; UKB–EUR2: genetically defined EUR non-White-British participants (Methods); AGDS, the Australian Genetics of Depression Study; TWINS, the Australian twin family study of AUD; GBP, the Australian Genetics of Bipolar Disorder Study; iPSYCH1, phase 1 of iPSYCH; iPSYCH2, phase 2 of iPSYCH; YP3, Yale–Penn 3; Neffective, effective sample size; MEGA, Illumina Multi-Ethnic Global Array.