The prefrontal cortex (PFC), including orbitofrontal gyri and the anterior cingulated cortex, are important for executive functions. The PFC is defined as the projection region of the medial dorsal thalamus that includes dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), anterior cingulated cortex (ACC), and orbital frontal cortex (OFC). When properly functioning, the frontal lobes equip individuals with the capacity to use past experience and knowledge to make sense of current behavior and to guide future selection of responses from their behavioral repertoire (Stuss et al., 2001). The frontal lobes are commonly divided into five parallel, though interacting, subcircuits: motor, oculomotor, dorsolateral, orbitofrontal, and anterior cingulate (Alexander et al., 1986). The dorsolateral prefrontal circuit underlies executive function, which includes the control of attention, as well as the sustained organization of behavior to solve complex problems (Cummings, 1993; Stuss and Alexander, 2000). The dlPFC is essential to draw attention to important factors and to actively select goals (Abe and Hanakawa, 2009). The medial prefrontal/cingulate circuit is critical for feedback monitoring and motivation, with lesions producing profound apathy (Bonelli and Cummings, 2007). The dlPFC and
