Figure 1 demonstrates how this framework might be applied to CBT, using CBT4CBT as an example. The CBT4CBT modules targeting executive functioning include functional analyses, problem solving, and decision making skills, all of which are focused on temporizing behavior and goal-setting. Negative emotionality is addressed by the modules teaching coping with craving/affect tolerance and addressing and changing negative thoughts. Incentive salience is addressed by the coping with craving and refusal skills modules. While it is encouraging to consider how these traditional CBT components map on to these more novel conceptualizations of the core features of addiction, it is imperative that we now move towards evaluating how well CBT interventions actually affect change in these dimensions. The ANA suggests relevant assessments of each of these domains (Kwako et al., 2016), many of which have been included in the batteries used in the various CBT4CBT studies (NB: NIDA is currently developing a similar phenotyping battery for drug use disorders).
