Table 1 shows the distribution of age, gender, education, and comorbid psychiatric disorders among nicotine dependence cases and non-dependent smoking controls. Nicotine dependent smokers, when compared to non-dependent smokers, were significantly more likely to have a history of alcohol dependence, cannabis dependence, major depressive disorder, panic attacks, social phobia, PTSD, ADHD, conduct disorder, and ASPD. For example, 17.2% of nicotine dependent smoking cases, had a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol dependence compared to 7.2% of non-nicotine dependence controls (Odds Ratio (OR)=2.31, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=1.67-3.20, p=4.8E-07). Similarly, 26.7% of nicotine dependent cases and 16.4% of non-nicotine dependent controls had a history of major depressive disorder (OR=2.17, 95% CI=1.70-2.78, p=7.5E-10). Though all of the subjects in the study have a history of smoking, the nicotine dependent smokers had a higher rate of being afflicted with all the comorbid disorders, compared to non-dependent smokers.
