Within NCDs, three of the leading causes of deaths and DALYs, ischaemic heart disease (IHD; 93·3% [90·3–95·7] of deaths and 94·4% [92·6–95·8] of DALYs), haemorrhagic stroke (88·2% [84·3–91·8] of deaths and 89·5% [87·1–91·6] of DALYS), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD; 76·6% [69·9–82·9] of deaths and 73·8% [67·4–80·2] DALYs) all have high proportions attributable to measured risk factors. Lung cancer, a leading cause of death but not DALYs, also has a large proportion of total deaths and DALYs attributed to measured risk factors (84·1% [78·9–88·3] and 83·2% [78·0–87·6] respectively), while for Alzheimer's disease only 21·4% (11·2–34·0) of total deaths and 22·3% (11·8–35·1) of DALYs can be attributed to measured risk factors. For leading causes of DALYs that do not cause death, such as low back pain and sense organ diseases, less than a third of their total burden can be attributable to measured risk factors (23·0% [20·1–25·9] for low back and neck pain and 13·8% [12·4–15·4] for sense organ diseases). Across all cancers, 42·1% (38·9–45·3) of deaths and 39·8% (36·8–42·8) of DALYs are attributable to measured risk factors; however, there
