may be religious proscriptions regarding alcohol use, these may or may not extend to cannabis use. Further, some twin studies have shown that aspects of religiosity moderate genetic influences on alcohol use behavior19–22. For example, a Dutch twin study found that, among women without a religious upbringing, genetic influences accounted for 40% of the variance in alcohol use ever compared to 0% among women raised religiously. Conversely, church attendance was not a moderator of genetic influences on adolescent alcohol consumption among adult male twins from Virginia, suggesting that findings may differ as a function of sex and culture. The current study expands this literature by providing evidence that the influence of cannabis use PRS on cannabis use and DSM-5 CUD symptoms is moderated by frequency of religious service attendance in a cohort of males and females between ages 12 and 91 years. We note, however, that none of these findings withstood a multiple test correction. Interestingly, while studies have shown that religious service attendance during adulthood may be a more robust safeguard against heavy substance use and may reflect innate tendencies toward religious affiliations, relative to childhood attendance that bears a strong familial component45, our findings did not differ significantly
