US-born Individuals were more likely than foreign-born individuals to report transition from nicotine and alcohol use to dependence. Compared to nicotine or alcohol users married or living with someone, those never married were more likely to report transition to dependence. Compared to cocaine users married or living with someone, those widowed, divorced or separated were more likely to report transition to dependence. Nicotine and alcohol users who reported ever having been employed showed a lower likelihood of transitioning to dependence. Neither education, nor income predicted transition to dependence.
