disorders were considerably lower, with OR of 4.1 and 2.6 respectively (Grant et al., 2004a). All of these associations were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and the other comorbid disorders. Earlier studies of lifetime comorbidity based on the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) and the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ECA) similarly showed higher OR for disorders characterized by externalizing than internalizing behaviors (Kessler et al., 1997; Regier et al., 1990).
