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Chunk #0 — 1. Introduction — 1.1 Comorbidity of alcohol dependence with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology

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Gender differences in the relationship of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology to alcohol dependence: likelihood, expression and course.
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Numerous studies in general population samples have demonstrated that alcohol dependence is highly comorbid with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. These broad psychiatric dimensions are generally construed to represent fear and distress domains for the internalizing spectrum and substance abuse and aggression domains for the externalizing spectrum (Kramer et al., 2008; Krueger et al., 2005; Krueger and South, 2009; Slade, 2007). Given that alcohol dependence lies along the continuum of externalizing psychopathology (Krueger et al., 2005; Markon and Krueger, 2004), it is not surprising that its associations with other externalizing disorders exceed its associations with internalizing disorders. According to the 2001–2002 NESARC, the odds of past-year alcohol dependence were increased seven-fold among individuals with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) (Grant et al., 2004b) and nearly ten-fold among individuals with past-year drug dependence (Stinson et al, 2005). Associations with past-year mood and anxiety disorders were considerably lower, with OR of 4.1 and 2.6 respectively (Grant et al., 2004a). All of these associations were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and the other comorbid disorders. Earlier studies of lifetime comorbidity based on the National Comorbidity Survey