Our findings have potential clinically relevant applications. For instance, in clinical settings, a targeted effort could be envisaged that offers more frequent monitoring for development of e.g. bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or anxiety among individuals with depression or those who have the highest PRS (or, preferably, combined genetic and clinical risk) to obtain early diagnosis and initiate early treatment, which may have beneficial effects95,96. Similarly, identifying individuals with depression at high genetic risk for developing SUD could be an actionable and informative point of attention for both the physician and the patient and, with focused intervention measures97, possibly preventing the subsequent development of SUD (i.e. the primary prevention of secondary comorbidities98). Validation in clinical settings of such potential applications is warranted in the future18,98.
