GWAS was conducted in each cohort using logistic regression with the imputed additive genotype dosages. Principal components were included as covariates to correct for population stratification35 (Supplementary Information), and variants with imputation INFO score < 0.8 or minor allele frequency (MAF) < 0.01 were excluded. The GWAS were then meta-analyzed using an inverse-variance weighted fixed effects model36. The included single Chinese cohort had insufficient sample size for well-powered trans-ethnic modelling (Supplementary Figure 2). Association results were considered only for variants with an effective sample size greater than 70% of the full meta-analysis, leaving 8,047,421 variants in the final meta-analysis. A meta-analysis restricted to European-ancestry individuals (19,099 cases, 34,194 controls) was also performed to facilitate secondary analyses (Supplementary Information).
