Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
- Authors
- Demontis, Ditte; Walters, Raymond K; Martin, Joanna; Mattheisen, Manuel; Als, Thomas D; Agerbo, Esben; Baldursson, GΓsli; Belliveau, Rich; Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas; BΓ¦kvad-Hansen, Marie; Cerrato, Felecia; Chambert, Kimberly; Churchhouse, Claire; Dumont, Ashley; Eriksson, Nicholas; Gandal, Michael; Goldstein, Jacqueline I; Grasby, Katrina L; Grove, Jakob; Gudmundsson, Olafur O; Hansen, Christine S; Hauberg, Mads Engel; Hollegaard, Mads V; Howrigan, Daniel P; Huang, Hailiang; Maller, Julian B; Martin, Alicia R; Martin, Nicholas G; Moran, Jennifer; Pallesen, Jonatan; Palmer, Duncan S; Pedersen, Carsten BΓΈcker; Pedersen, Marianne GiΓΈrtz; Poterba, Timothy; Poulsen, Jesper Buchhave; Ripke, Stephan; Robinson, Elise B; Satterstrom, F Kyle; Stefansson, Hreinn; Stevens, Christine; Turley, Patrick; Walters, G Bragi; Won, Hyejung; Wright, Margaret J; ADHD Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC); Early Lifecourse & Genetic Epidemiology (EAGLE) Consortium; 23andMe Research Team; Andreassen, Ole A; Asherson, Philip; Burton, Christie L; Boomsma, Dorret I; Cormand, Bru; Dalsgaard, SΓΈren; Franke, Barbara; Gelernter, Joel; Geschwind, Daniel; Hakonarson, Hakon; Haavik, Jan; Kranzler, Henry R; Kuntsi, Jonna; Langley, Kate; Lesch, Klaus-Peter; Middeldorp, Christel; Reif, Andreas; Rohde, Luis Augusto; Roussos, Panos; Schachar, Russell; Sklar, Pamela; Sonuga-Barke, Edmund J S; Sullivan, Patrick F; Thapar, Anita; Tung, Joyce Y; Waldman, Irwin D; Medland, Sarah E; Stefansson, Kari; Nordentoft, Merete; Hougaard, David M; Werge, Thomas; Mors, Ole; Mortensen, Preben Bo; Daly, Mark J; Faraone, Stephen V; BΓΈrglum, Anders D; Neale, Benjamin M
- Year
- 2019
- Journal
- Nature genetics
- PMID
- 30478444
- DOI
- 10.1038/s41588-018-0269-7
- PMCID
- PMC6481311
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable childhood behavioral disorder affecting 5% of children and 2.5% of adults. Common genetic variants contribute substantially to ADHD susceptibility, but no variants have been robustly associated with ADHD. We report a genome-wide association meta-analysis of 20,183 individuals diagnosed with ADHD and 35,191 controls that identifies variants surpassing genome-wide significance in 12 independent loci, finding important new information about the underlying biology of ADHD. Associations are enriched in evolutionarily constrained genomic regions and loss-of-function intolerant genes and around brain-expressed regulatory marks. Analyses of three replication studies: a cohort of individuals diagnosed with ADHD, a self-reported ADHD sample and a meta-analysis of quantitative measures of ADHD symptoms in the population, support these findings while highlighting study-specific differences on genetic overlap with educational attainment. Strong concordance with GWAS of quantitative population measures of ADHD symptoms supports that clinical diagnosis of ADHD is an extreme expression of continuous heritable traits.
Manhattan plot of the results from the GWAS meta-analysis of ADHD.The index variants in the 12 genome-wide significant loci are highlighted as a green diamond. Index variants located with a distance less than 400kb are considered as one locus. The y-axis represents βlog(two-sided P-values) for association of variants with ADHD, from meta-analysis using an inverse-variance weighted fixed effects model, and a total sample size of 20,183 ADHD cases and 35,191 controls. The vertical red line represents the threshold for genome-wide significance.
Odds Ratio by PRS for ADHDOdds Ratio (OR) by PRS within each decile estimated for n = 18,298 biological independent individuals in the PGC samples (red dots) and in n = 37,076 biological independent individuals in the iPSYCH sample (blue dots). PRSs in the iPSYCH sample were obtained by five leave-one-out analyses, using 4 of 5 groups as training datasets for estimation of SNP weights, while estimating Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) for the remaining target group. Odds ratios and 95% confidence limits (error bars) were estimated using logistic regression on the continuous scores.
Genetic correlations of ADHD with other phenotypesSignificant genetic correlations between ADHD (results from Europena GWAS meta-analysis of 19,099 cases, 34,194 controls) and other traits reveal overlap of genetic risk factors for ADHD across several groups of traits (grouping indicated by a horizontal line): educational, psychiatric/personality, weight (and possible weight related traits), smoking behaviour/smoking-related cancer, reproductive traits and parental longevity (Sample size of the external GWASs are presented in Supplementary Table 5). In total 219 traits were tested and only traits significant after Bonferroni correction are presented in the figure. Two significant educational phenotypes are omitted due to substantial overlap with years of schooling. Genetic correlation is presented as a dot and error bars indicate 95% confidence limits.
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 1000 Genomes phase 3 European ancestry samples local | cohort |
| 1000 Genomes Project | cohort |
| 1000 Genomes Project phase 3 (1KGP3) local | cohort |
| 12 study cohorts local | cohort |
| 23andMe | cohort |
| 23andMe dataset local | cohort |
| ADHD | phenotype |
| ADHD GWAS | cohort |
| ADHD GWAS meta-analysis local | cohort |
| ADHD-related behaviors local | phenotype |
| ADHD-related traits local | phenotype |
| ADHD risk variants local | variant |
| ADHD status local | phenotype |
| ADHD symptoms | phenotype |
| age at first birth | phenotype |
| AIDS risk behaviors local | phenotype |
| Alzheimerβs disease | phenotype |
| anorexia nervosa | phenotype |
| Antisocial personality disorder/behaviours local | phenotype |
| autism spectrum disorder | phenotype |
| autosomal recessive intellectual disability local | phenotype |
| basal ganglia | anatomy |
| BIOS | cohort |
| BIOS79 local | cohort |
| bipolar disorder | phenotype |
| body mass index | phenotype |
| brain | anatomy |
| CADPS2 local | gene |
| central nervous system | anatomy |
| cerebral malformation local | phenotype |
| childhood obesity | phenotype |
| Chinese | cohort |
| Chinese ancestry cohort local | cohort |
| cigarettes | phenotype |
| cognition | phenotype |
| college completion | phenotype |
| college/university degree local | phenotype |
| common variant risk for ADHD local | variant |
| common variants | cohort |
| conduct disorder | phenotype |
| constrained genes local | gene |
| continuous measures of ADHD symptoms local | phenotype |
| continuous phenotype | phenotype |
| cortical and subcortical plate local | anatomy |
| crime | phenotype |
| death | phenotype |
| deCODE | cohort |
| deCODE Icelandic cohort local | cohort |
| Denmark cohort | cohort |
| depression | phenotype |
| depressive symptoms | phenotype |
| developing human cerebral cortex local | anatomy |
| developmental disorders of language and learning local | phenotype |
| dichotomous phenotype local | phenotype |
| dopamine | drug |
| DUSP6 local | gene |
| EAGLE30/QIMR92 local | cohort |
| EAGLE consortium | cohort |
| EAGLE/QIMR local | cohort |
| EAGLE sample local | cohort |
| educational attainment | phenotype |
| educational outcomes | phenotype |
| Education-related phenotypes local | phenotype |
| European ancestry | cohort |
| European ancestry PGC case/control local | cohort |
| European ancestry PGC samples local | cohort |
| European GWAS meta-analysis local | cohort |
| European population | cohort |
| Europeans | cohort |
| ever smoking | phenotype |
| ExAC | cohort |
| families | cohort |
| fetal brain | anatomy |
| Foxp2 | gene |
| FOXP2 downstream target genes local | gene |
| GCTA | drug |
| germinal zone local | anatomy |
| GTEx | cohort |
| GTEx127 local | cohort |
| H3K4me1 | drug |
| HapMap3 | cohort |
| HDL cholesterol | phenotype |
| Health care utilization local | phenotype |
| heavy drinking | phenotype |
| higher fecundity local | phenotype |
| highly constrained genes local | gene |
| human intelligence local | phenotype |
| Hyperactive/impulsive trait local | phenotype |
| ICD10 F90.0 local | phenotype |
| Illumina PsychChip local | drug |
| Inattentive trait local | phenotype |
| inferior frontal gyrus | anatomy |
| insomnia | phenotype |
| iPSYCH | cohort |
| iPSYCH cohort | cohort |
| iPSYCH sample | cohort |
| LD Hub | cohort |
| lead chromosome 1 locus local | variant |
| lead index variant local | variant |
| LINC00461 local | gene |
| LINC01572 local | gene |
| LOC105379109 local | gene |
| lung cancer | phenotype |
| MAGMA | drug |
| major depressive disorder | phenotype |
| MEF2C | gene |
| MEF2C-AS1 local | gene |
| memory | phenotype |
| Motor vehicle accidents | phenotype |
| mouse brain | anatomy |
| neurodevelopmental traits local | phenotype |
| neuroticism | phenotype |
| number of children ever born | phenotype |
| number of cigarettes smoked per day | phenotype |
| obesity | phenotype |
| obesity-related phenotype | phenotype |
| parental divorce/separation | phenotype |
| PGC | cohort |
| PGC cohorts | cohort |
| polygenic risk score | cohort |
| poor language skills local | phenotype |
| Primary ADHD GWAS local | cohort |
| protein-truncating variants local | variant |
| Psychiatric Central Research Register local | cohort |
| psychiatric disorders | phenotype |
| Psychiatric Genomics Consortium | cohort |
| PTPRF | gene |
| QIMR | cohort |
| QIMR cohort | cohort |
| quantitative ADHD symptom scores local | phenotype |
| rare and de novo variants local | variant |
| reaction time | phenotype |
| reduced educational attainment local | phenotype |
| reproduction local | phenotype |
| Ricopili | drug |
| risky sexual behaviour local | phenotype |
| RNF219-AS1 local | gene |
| Roadmap128 local | cohort |
| Roadmap Epigenomics Mapping Consortium local | cohort |
| rs11210892 local | variant |
| rs112984125 local | variant |
| rs11420276 local | variant |
| rs11591402 local | variant |
| rs12410155 local | variant |
| rs1427829 local | variant |
| rs1443749 local | variant |
| rs1592757 local | variant |
| rs212178 local | variant |
| rs2243638 local | variant |
| rs28452470 local | variant |
| rs30266 local | variant |
| rs304132 local | variant |
| rs5886709 local | variant |
| rs9574218 local | variant |
| rs9677504 local | variant |
| schizophrenia | phenotype |
| secondary signal | variant |
| SEMA6D local | gene |
| severe intellectual disability local | phenotype |
| SLC9A9 | gene |
| Sleep-related phenotypes local | phenotype |
| smoking | phenotype |
| SNP | cohort |
| SNP heritability | phenotype |
| SORCS3 | gene |
| SPAG16 local | gene |
| ST3GAL3 | gene |
| study cohort | cohort |
| subjective well-being | phenotype |
| substance abuse | phenotype |
| suicide | phenotype |
| target groups local | cohort |
| TMEM161B | gene |
| trauma | phenotype |
| trio cohorts local | cohort |
| trios | cohort |
| Twin cohort | cohort |
| type 2 diabetes | phenotype |
| UK_Biobank local | cohort |
| unemployment | phenotype |
| verbalβnumerical reasoning local | phenotype |
| waist-to-hip ratio | phenotype |
| years of education | phenotype |
| younger parental age local | phenotype |
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In this knowledge base
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD polygenic risk predicts neural signatures of cognitive control: Evidence from midfrontal theta dynamics. | Aydin Γ et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| A diffusion MRI-derived perivascular metric related to glymphatic-associated processes in bipolar disorder vulnerability: Multimodal correlates across emotion dysregulation patients and offspring. | Pascucci A et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Adult ADHD with comorbid major depression shows a distinguishable polygenic pattern and negative cognitive style. | Kranz TM et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| A single-cell spatiotemporal transcriptomic atlas of mouse prefrontal cortex maps dynamics of intratelencephalic neurons during postnatal development. | Zheng H et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Association between genetic polymorphisms in circadian cycle genes (<i>PER2, PER3</i>, and <i>HCRTR2</i>) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). | Alves RB et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Characterization of the chromosome 7 locus associated with suicidal behavior. | Fiori LM et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Convergent genetic pathways linking neuropsychiatric and ocular disorders in children. | Pan M et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Developmental convergence and divergence in human stem cell models of autism. | Gordon A et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Developmental trajectories of glutamate and the variable clinical course of ADHD in youth. | Bouyssi-Kobar M et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Disorder-Specific Genetic Effects Drive the Associations Between Psychopathology and Cognitive Functioning. | Liao W et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Genetic alternative splicing regulation mapping of cartilage and synovium reveals tissue-specific mechanisms of joint-related traits. | Tian W et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Genetic correlates of self-harm hospitalization: Insights from polygenic scores in the Taiwan Biobank. | Hsu YC et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Genetic liability to mental disorders and being delivered via cesarean section. | Γstergaard SD et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Genetic studies of psychosocial disability establish correlations and causal relationships with neuropsychiatric disorders. | Doherty E et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Genome-wide identification and characterization of QTLs for transcriptional noise in human midbrain cells. | Hirose N et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Impact of SNAP-25 MnlI polymorphism on brain activity patterns in children with ADHD: Insights from fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation analysis. | Fang D et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Interplay between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, educational attainment, and vascular risk factors: Insights from Mendelian randomization analyses. | Song J et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Limbic System White Matter in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Longitudinal Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis. | Connaughton M et al. | β | 2026 | β |
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| Pharmacological Management of ADHD in Women Across Perimenopause, Menopause and Post-Menopause. | Wynchank D et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Pink Noise and a Pure Tone Both Reduce 1/<i>f</i> Neural Noise in Adults With Elevated ADHD Traits: A Critical Appraisal of the Moderate Brain Arousal Model. | Rijmen J et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Polygenic scores for psychiatric traits mediate the impact of multigenerational history for depression on offspring psychopathology. | Lee E et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Prenatal and postnatal effects of gestational immune activation on synaptic and neurodevelopmental pathways via epigenetic mechanisms. | Zhu B et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Rare genetic variants confer a high risk of ADHD and implicate neuronal biology. | Demontis D et al. | β | 2026 | β |
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| "SHANK3 deficiency alters early progenitor dynamics and reveals shared pathways with neurodegeneration". | Varella-Branco E et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Spatiotemporal brain transcriptomics reveal risk gene hot-spots in major neuropsychiatric disorders. | Liu W et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Systematic Review: Convergence and Divergence Between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Genetic, Neuroimaging, and Cognitive Findings. | Pereira JA et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| The dynamic nature of genetic risk for schizophrenia within genes regulated by FOXP1 during neurodevelopment. | Ali D et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| The genetic architecture of human cerebellar morphology supports a key role for the cerebellum in human evolution and psychopathology. | Moberget T et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Transcriptomic and phenotypic convergence of neurodevelopmental disorder risk genes in vitro and in vivo. | Fernandez Garcia M et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Abnormal Association Between Neural Activity and Genetic Expressions of Impulsivity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. | Jeon S et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives. | BogdaΕska-Chomczyk E et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| ADHD remote technology and ADHD transition: predicting and preventing negative outcomes (ART-transition) - an adolescent prospective cohort study protocol. | Bowler A et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| A narrative review of research advances in gut microbiota and microecological agents in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). | Liu Y et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| A Neuroaffirmative, Self-Determination Theory-Based Psychosocial Intervention for Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Randomized Feasibility Study. | Champ RE et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Antisocial personality disorder:Failure to balance excitation/inhibition? | Lesch KP et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Artificial intelligence for children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a scoping review. | Sun B et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Assessing the Causal Relationship Between Various Immune Cells and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Mendelian Randomization Study. | Ge Q et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Association Between ADHD and Pediatric Asthma: Results From a Large-Sample Cross-Sectional Study of National Surveys and Mendelian Randomization Analyses. | Zhuoran Z et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Association between aggression and ADHD polygenic scores and school-age aggression: the mediating role of preschool externalizing behaviors and adverse experiences. | Bouliane M et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Association between antidiabetic drug targets and psychiatric disorders. | Yuan R et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders and intestinal disorders: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. | Ng RWY et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Association Between Polygenic Risk and Symptom Severity Change After Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. | BΓ€ckman J et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Associations of polygenic risk scores differentiating attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder from autism spectrum disorder with cognitive and cortical alterations in Schizophrenia patients. | Kuramitsu A et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Atlas of Proteomic signatures of brain structure and its links to brain disorders. | Ren P et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms Are Common and Associated with Worse Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes. | Zhang-James Y et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| A western dietary pattern during pregnancy is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence. | Horner D et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Behavioural, immunological and transcriptomic consequences of post-weaning social isolation and chronic celecoxib administration in mouse. | Laighneach A et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Brain region and cell type-specific DNA methylation profiles in association with ADHD. | Meijer M et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Causal Impacts of Psychiatric Disorders on Cognition and the Mediating Effect of Oxidative Stress: A Mendelian Randomization Study. | Gao Y et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Causality Between ADHD, ASD, and CVDs: A Two-Step, Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Investigation. | Zheng Z et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Causal relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and atherosclerosis: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. | Hu XY et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Causal Relationships Between Retinal Diseases and Psychiatric Disorders Have Implications for Precision Psychiatry. | Zhang Z et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Cell type-specific methylome-wide association studies of childhood ADHD symptoms. | Meijer M et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Child maltreatment as a transdiagnostic risk factor for the externalizing dimension: a Mendelian randomization study. | Konzok J et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Chromatin accessibility during human first-trimester neurodevelopment. | Mannens CCA et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Circulating MicroRNAs in Cord Blood to Predict Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis. | DypΓ₯s LB et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Cognitive Impairment in Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Clinical Implications and Novel Treatment Strategies. | Vega AJ et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Common and rare genetic variants explain distinct diagnostic variance in pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. | Arnett AB et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Common and rare variant analyses implicate late-infancy cerebellar development and immune genes in ADHD. | Zhong Y et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in young adults who had major depressive disorder. | YazΔ±cΔ± M et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Comparative Analysis of Phenotypic and Genotypic Differences Between Individuals Affected by Regressive and Non-Regressive Autism: A Cross-Sectional Study. | Tonekaboni SH et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Copy number variations in the Brazilian High-Risk Cohort for Mental Conditions. | Arendt J et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Cross-Sectional Brain Age Assessments Are Limited in Predicting Future Brain Change. | Korbmacher M et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Deep adversarial learning identifies ADHD-specific associations between apoptotic genes and white matter microstructure in frontal-striatum-cerebellum circuit. | Zhao Y et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Digital phenotyping from wearables using AI characterizes psychiatric disorders and identifies genetic associations. | Liu JJ et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Disruption of gut microbiome and metabolome in treatment-naΓ―ve children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. | Han D et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Dissecting causal relationships between cortical morphology and neuropsychiatric disorders: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. | Lin BD et al. | β | 2025 | β |
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| Efficacy and Safety of a Probiotic Mixture Containing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BLa80 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LRa05 in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. | Niu Q et al. | β | 2025 | β |
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