Several anti-inflammatory compounds, including minocycline, amlexanox, ibudilast, and ampremilast show promising results in rodent models and testing is now underway in humans. Translating potential pharmacotherapies in animal models to humans requires careful consideration of several details, including dosage. The highest approved fenofibrate dose used in the human clinical trial was lower than the dose found to reduce drinking in mice, which may impact its success. However, the effective dose of apremilast that decreased ethanol consumption and preference in mice is roughly equivalent to the dose being tested in humans (Blednov et al., 2018b), indicating its translational potential for AUD could be higher. Also, potential drug side effects that could drive immune signaling should be considered, especially given the immune dysregulation that already exists in patients with AUD. Liver toxicity, for example, is a potential side effect of fenofibrate (Bhardwaj and Chalasani, 2007), which could be exacerbated with concurrent use of alcohol or other medications. In this regard, apremilast offers another potential advantage in that it is considered very safe for use in humans with relatively few side effects compared with
