Data on closeness with mother and father during adolescence were drawn from the Home Environment (HE) subsection of the SSAGA (adult version for participants 18+ years) and the C-SSAGA (child version for participants <18 years), focused on the adolescent years of 12–17. The HE section was adapted from the Home Environment Interview for Children (HEIC) (Reich et al., 1988). The parent–child closeness scale included two questions that asked participants how well they got along with their father/mother figure most of the time and how close they felt to their father/mother figure during their adolescent years of 12–17. Note, questions were asked separately for mother and father figure. Response options ranged from 1 (poor) to 4 (excellent), and from 1 (not at all close) to 3 (very close) for the two questions, respectively. Following the procedures described by Su et al. (2018), separately for mother and father figures, the scores were standardized and averaged across the two items to create variables representing closeness with mother and closeness with father. Because the HE subsection specifically focuses on the adolescent years of 12–17,
