For AUD, we identify 23 GWS genes in EAs, 5 in AAs, and 1 in LAs (Supplementary Fig. 14), many of which are GWS loci in the SNP-based analyses for that trait. For AUD, the loci in EAs that are not GWS in the SNP-based analyses are KRTCAP3, TRMT10A, ZNF512, DCLK2, MTTP, and MCC. In AAs, EIF4E, ADH4, and METAP1 are GWS for AUD, while ADGRB2 is the only GWS locus in LAs.