UKB released genotype and imputed data for ∼500,000 individuals from across the United Kingdom20, which were accessed through application 41910. UKB defined White-British (WB) participants genetically. For the non-WB individuals, we used a PCA to classify them into different genetic groups, as was performed for MVP. Individuals with available AUDIT–P scores were included in this study. The final sample included 132,001 WB (hereafter called UKB–EUR1) and 17,898 non-WB EURs (hereafter called UKB–EUR2), and 1,220 SAS. SNPs with genotype call rate >0.95, HWE P value >1 × 10−6, imputation score ≥0.8 and MAF ≥0.001 in EUR1 and EUR2 and ≥0.01 in SAS were kept for GWAS. BOLT-LMM was used for association correcting for relatedness, age, sex and the first ten PCs.
