establishing CD symptoms while our study used primarily DSM IV criteria. Although the DSM IV and DSM IIIR classifications contain many of the same criteria for CD, the DSM IV, compared to DSM IIIR, introduced two new criteria, staying out late without permission (prior to age 13) and bullying, and also required that truancy began before age 13 to be counted. Recently however, a study by Dick and colleagues found evidence for association between rs279871 and subclinical self-reports of externalizing behavior, yet no evidence for association between rs279871 and DSM IV CD symptoms in adults or adolescents (Dick et al. 2013), lending support to our findings.
