Physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, and physical and emotional neglect, were assessed using the AUDADIS-IV. The AUDADIS-IV items were adapted from widely-used, well-validated scales, as described elsewhere (43). Participants reported whether they had a range of experiences with a parent or caregiver before age 18, using a five-point response scale. Most items involved rating the frequency of certain experiences using the response options: never, almost never, sometimes, fairly often, and very often. Emotional neglect items involved rating styles of interpersonal relations on the scale: never true, rarely true, sometimes true, often true, and very often true. The AUDADIS-IV childhood maltreatment items have demonstrated excellent test–retest reliability (ICCs=0.79–0.88) and internal consistency (Cronbach αs=0.78–0.90) (43). We defined abuse and neglect consistently with prior research (31), requiring lower thresholds for indicators of more severe abuse (e.g., sexual abuse, injury from physical abuse).
