Nicotine dependence was also assessed using the AUDADIS-IV. Nicotine dependence diagnoses using the AUDADIS-IV have also demonstrated good reliability in past research (Past-year: κ=0.63) (42). Similar to assessment of alcohol dependence, nicotine dependence was assessed for the last 12 months at Wave 1; at Wave 2, nicotine dependence was assessed for (a) the last 12 months, and (b) prior to the last 12 months but since Wave 1. Persistence of nicotine dependence was operationalized as meeting nicotine dependence criteria throughout all assessed time periods.
