Alcohol dependence was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule, DSM-IV Version (AUDADIS–IV), which evaluates diagnostic criteria according to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (40). Alcohol dependence using the AUDADIS-IV has demonstrated good-to-excellent test-retest reliability across a variety of studies (past-year: κs=0.66–0.79) (41). At Wave 1, alcohol dependence was assessed for the last 12 months. At Wave 2, alcohol dependence was assessed for (a) the last 12 months, and (b) prior to the last 12 months but since Wave 1. Persistence of alcohol dependence was operationalized as meeting alcohol dependence criteria throughout all assessed time periods, as described previously (22).
