When stratifying by gender, the genetic difference in insula activation was apparent in females but not in males. Females with the GG genotype for both SNPs and haplotype showed higher left insula activation during reward anticipation compared to the A carriers (rs279858 p = 0.027; rs279826 p = 0.008; haplotype p = 0.023) and remain significant when corrected for family history and age (rs279858 p = 0.036; rs279826 p = 0.006; haplotype p = 0.011) while males did not show genetic differences in activation (all p’s > 0.23) (Table 3). Female rs279826 G homozygotes also showed greater right insula activation to reward anticipation (p = 0.046; corrected for family history and age p = 0.043). Also in females, greater left insula activation to loss anticipation was observed for rs279826 G homozygotes (corrected p = 0.004) and haplotype (corrected p= 0.007), whereas males showed no differences (all p’s>0.34). Given the association of these alleles with Impulsiveness, we examined whether Insula activation was also related to Impulsiveness. Indeed, Impulsiveness was correlated with left insula activation during reward anticipation (r2 = 0.399; p
