Chunk #18 — Epigenesis: The Developmental Cascade of Risk, Heterogeneity of Developmental Course, and Possible Indirect Genetic Effects on the Disinhibition Pathway — Potential Sources of Indirect Genetic Effect
Although the body of evidence indicating a mediated trajectory class of disinhibitory risk from early childhood to adult SUD outcome is quite strong, two aspects of these relationships have been largely neglected. One is that many of the risk factors identified as mediators are nested together in the highest-risk families. Thus, families that have the highest probability for transmission of genetic risk (both parents actively alcoholic, at least one with an ASPD diagnosis) are also households where conflict, violence, low educational achievement, parental psychiatric comorbidity, and low socioeconomic status are found (Clark et al., 2004, 2005; Hussong et al., 2007; Loukas, Zucker, Fitzgerald, & Krull, 2003). The other risk factor is that active parent selection of environments takes place not only in marital assortment (Cornelius et al., 2008; Windle, 1997) but even in the selection of neighborhoods where the parents' alcoholic psychopathology is more likely to be sustained (Buu et al., 2007) and where the development of their children's risk is enhanced (Buu et al., 2009). These relationships are all suggestive of substantial gene-environment correlations, that is, genetically influenced individual
