the EEG (cf. Kamarajan and Porjesz, 2012) [see Fig. 1, top panel]. Common measures of EEG include, but not limited to, absolute and relative power as well as coherence in specific frequency bands, such as delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-13), beta (13-30), and gamma (above 30 Hz). On the other hand, event-related potentials (ERPs) are voltage fluctuations (i.e., positive and negative components) that are associated in time (time-locked) in response to some physical or mental occurrence (i.e., sensory, motor, or cognitive event), and are extracted from the EEG data by means of filtering and signal/trial averaging (Picton et al., 2000). Generic ERP components include but are not limited to P1, N1, P2, N2, and P3 (with ‘P’ and ‘N’ referring to polarity) as they occur in temporal sequence (see Fig. 1, middle panel), and typically represent specific neural or neurocognitive event. For example, N1 represents physical stimulus characteristics (e.g., brightness or loudness) (Coles and Rugg, 1995; Johannes et al., 1995) as well as the selective attentional processing of the stimulus (e.g., attended/unattended) (Haider et al., 1964; Hansen and Hillyard, 1980; Naatanen and Picton, 1987; Rugg and Coles, 1996), while P3 (also called P300), the most robust and
