The use of current source density as electrophysiological correlates in neuropsychiatric disorders: A review of human studies.
- Authors
- Kamarajan, Chella; Pandey, Ashwini K; Chorlian, David B; Porjesz, Bernice
- Year
- 2015
- Journal
- International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology
- PMID
- 25448264
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.10.013
- PMCID
- PMC4422780
The use of current source density (CSD), the Laplacian of the scalp surface voltage, to map the electrical activity of the brain is a powerful method in studies of cognitive and affective phenomena. During the last few decades, mapping of CSD has been successfully applied to characterize several neuropsychiatric conditions such as alcoholism, schizophrenia, depression, anxiety disorders, childhood/developmental disorders, and neurological conditions (i.e., epilepsy and brain lesions) using electrophysiological data from resting state and during cognitive performance. The use of CSD and Laplacian measures has proven effective in elucidating topographic and activation differences between groups: i) patients with a specific diagnosis vs. healthy controls, ii) subjects at high risk for a specific diagnosis vs. low risk or normal controls, and iii) patients with specific symptom(s) vs. patients without these symptom(s). The present review outlines and summarizes the studies that have employed CSD measures in investigating several neuropsychiatric conditions. The advantages and potential of CSD-based methods in clinical and research applications along with some of the limitations inherent in the CSD-based methods are discussed in the review, as well as future directions to expand the implementation of CSD to other potential clinical applications. As CSD methods have proved to be more advantageous than using scalp potential data to understand topographic and source activations, its clinical applications offer promising potential, not only for a better understanding of a range of psychiatric conditions, but also for a variety of focal neurological disorders, including epilepsy and other conditions involving brain lesions and surgical interventions.
Illustration of typical EEG trace (top panel), ERP waveform (middle panel), and ERO time-frequency map at Cz electrode in a visual oddball paradigm, recorded with nose tip as reference and forehead as ground electrode placements. EROs were computed using the S-transform algorithm as described in Jones et al. (2006). The horizontal axis in all panels represent time in milliseconds, and the color scale in bottom panel indicate amplitude in ΞΌV. In the middle and bottom panels, zero (0) millisecond represent the stimulus onset during a task.
Comparison of P3 response between the Alcoholic and Control group shown in ERP amplitudes (panel A) and in CSD transformed data (panel B) during a Go-NoGo task. A) Alcoholics showed lower P3 amplitude in both Go and NoGo conditions without any topographic difference; and B) alcoholics manifested differences in both intensity (βGoβ sinks and βNoGoβ sources) and topography of CSD activations (mainly in βGoβ sources). The CSD maps provide sharper and more interpretable activation features (sources and sinks) to compare between groups and conditions. In the Go condition with a button press response, controls manifested two bilateral sources, while the alcoholics exhibited only a midline source. In the NoGo condition with inhibitory processing (and no button press), controls showed a stronger and focused source over the central region, while the alcoholics exhibited a weaker and diffused source over the central and posterior regions. The physical units for the scalp potentials and CSD data are microvolt (ΞΌV) and ampere per square centimeter (A/cm2) respectively [Adapted from: Kamarajan et al. (2005)]
Topographic patterns of ERO theta activity representing total theta power (panel A) and of CSD maps computed from theta amplitude data (panel B) as compared between alcoholic and control group. These values were extracted within the time interval of 200-500 ms during the feedback of loss and gain of 50Ο in a monetary gambling task. A) Alcoholics showed lower theta power in both loss and gain conditions; and B) alcoholics manifested lower CSD activations as well as topographic differences during loss and gain conditions. The CSD maps provided more prominent and useful information regarding the activation profiles across groups and conditions [Adapted from: Kamarajan et al. (2012)]
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