ERP generator patterns in schizophrenia during tonal and phonetic oddball tasks: effects of response hand and silent count.

paper Cited Public

Authors: Kayser, Jürgen; Tenke, Craig E; Gil, Roberto; Bruder, Gerard E
Year: 2010
Journal: Clinical EEG and neuroscience
PMID: 21077570
DOI: 10.1177/155005941004100405
PMCID: PMC3341098

Greater left than right reductions of P3 amplitude in schizophrenia during auditory oddball tasks have been interpreted as evidence of left-lateralized dysfunction. However, the contributions of methodological factors (response mode, stimulus properties, recording reference), which affect event-related potential (ERP) topographies, remain unclear. We recorded 31-channel ERPs from 23 schizophrenic patients and 23 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (all right-handed) during tonal and phonetic oddball tasks, varying response mode (left press, right press, silent count) within subjects. Performance accuracy was high in both groups but patients were slower. ERP generator patterns were summarized by temporal Principal Components Analysis (PCA; unrestricted Varimax) from reference-free current source density (CSD; spherical spline Laplacians) waveforms, which sharpen scalp topographies. CSD represents the magnitude of the radial current flow entering (source) and leaving (sink) the scalp. Both patients and controls showed asymmetric frontolateral and parietotemporal N2 sinks peaking at 240 ms and asymmetric parietal P3 sources (355 ms) for targets (tonal R > L, phonetic L > R), but frontocentral N2 sinks and parietal P3 sources were bilaterally reduced in patients. A response-related midfrontal sink and accompanying centroparietal source (560 ms) were highly comparable across groups. However, a superimposed left temporal source was larger for silent count compared to button press, and this difference was smaller in patients. In both groups, left or right press produced opposite, region-specific asymmetries originating from central sites, modulating the N2/P3 complex. The results suggest bilaterally reduced neural generators of N2 and P3 in schizophrenia during auditory oddball tasks, but both groups showed comparable topographic effects of task and response mode. However, additional working memory demands during silent count may partially overlap in time the generation of the N2/P3 complex and differentially affect the asymmetry of P3 subcomponents, particularly when employing conventional ERP measures.

Figure 1

Grand mean reference-free current source density (CSD) [μV/cm2] waveforms (−100 to 995 ms) for 23 healthy adults and 23 schizophrenic patients comparing tonal and phonetic target (averaged across response mode) and nontarget stimuli (averaged across task and response mode) at all 31 recording sites. Horizontal and vertical electrooculograms (EOG) [μV] are shown before artifact correction (insets). Distinct CSD components are labeled for controls (italics) and included frontocentral N1 and N2 sinks (approximate peak latencies were 105 ms at C4 and 230 ms at F4), a mid-parietal P3 source (375 ms at Pz), and a midfrontal sink (FRN; 480 ms at Fz).

Figure 2

CSD waveforms as in Figure 1 for targets comparing response mode (averaged across task). For both groups, response-related negativities associated with a button press were clearly evident over medial-central sites (C3/4), revealing prominent sinks contralateral to the responding hand superimposed on the task-related component structure.

Figure 3

Unrestricted temporal PCA solution. A: Time courses of Varimax-rotated covariance loadings for the first six CSD factors extracted (86.8% total variance explained; see inset). Labels indicate the peak latency of the factor loadings relative to stimulus onset. B: Corresponding factor score topographies of tonal and phonetic targets for 23 healthy adults and 23 schizophrenic patients (pooled across response mode). Dots indicate the spherical positions of the 31-channel EEG montage (nose at top). All maps are 2D-representations of spherical spline surface interpolations (m = 4; λ = 10−5)50 derived from the mean factors scores available for each recording site.

Figure 4

N2 sink topographies (mean scores of factor 240) for 23 schizophrenic patients and 23 healthy controls. Topographies are shown for tonal and phonetic target stimuli and each response mode.

Figure 5

P3 source topographies (mean scores of factor 355) for 23 schizophrenic patients and 23 healthy controls for each response mode (pooled across task), and pooled means (±SEM) at medial and lateral centroparietal sites (P3/4, CP5/6, P7/8).

Figure 6

FRN topographies (mean scores of factor 560) for 23 schizophrenic patients and 23 healthy controls for each response mode (pooled across task), and the topographic difference of button press (average of right and left press) minus silent count.

#	Section	Preview
0	INTRODUCTION	The amplitudes of auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) during simple tone discrimination or…
1	INTRODUCTION	of both left and right temporal lobes.1,22 Further complicating the interpretation of these…
2	INTRODUCTION	The difference in findings for silent-counting and button-press responses could stem from…
3	INTRODUCTION	right temporal lobe sites (T7/8) in either silent-counting or button-pressing tasks. In contrast,…
4	INTRODUCTION	the P3 topography (i.e., NoGo-anteriorization), which can be interpreted as a superposition of an…
5	INTRODUCTION	It is also possible that the added cognitive demands of the silent-counting oddball task may enhance…
6	INTRODUCTION	than left frontocentral sites,31–33 which is opposite the left-lateralized P3 seen in healthy…
7	INTRODUCTION	Studies measuring ERPs during phonetic and tonal oddball tasks have provided direct evidence of the…
8	INTRODUCTION	Another important methodological difference between these studies is the choice of EEG recording…
9	INTRODUCTION	The importance of using reference-independent descriptors of topographic P3 abnormalities in…
10	INTRODUCTION	The present study was conducted to take full advantage of the combined CSD-PCA technique for…
11	INTRODUCTION	Our initial reports using this design in healthy adults focused on the methodological comparison of…
12	INTRODUCTION	the earlier task-dependent effects, or substantially altered their overall amplitude, an intriguing…
13	MATERIALS AND METHODS — Participants	Thirty-three inpatients (22 male, 11 female) at New York State Psychiatric Institute were recruited…
14	MATERIALS AND METHODS — Participants	using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).63 The total brief psychiatric rating scale…
15	MATERIALS AND METHODS — Participants	Patients were compared to 23 healthy volunteers (15 male) selected from a larger sample (N = 66)…
16	MATERIALS AND METHODS — Participants	Hearing acuity was assessed using standard audiometric procedures, which required all participants…
17	MATERIALS AND METHODS — Stimuli and procedure	The study protocol was a modification of our earlier auditory target detection (oddball) paradigms…
18	MATERIALS AND METHODS — Stimuli and procedure	During twelve 80-trial blocks (960 trials total), participants listened to a series of either tones…
19	MATERIALS AND METHODS — Data acquisition, recording, and artifact procedures	Nose-referenced scalp EEG (AFz ground) was continuously recorded at 200 samples/s from 30 extended…

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